Meditations on First Philosophy Essay examples - 1290 Words

â€Å"Cogito ergo sum;† I think therefore I am. This philosophical statement stimulated a renaissance in the field of philosophy, creating modern Western philosophy as is known today. This important notion was dictated by Rene Descartes in his 1641 metaphysics work, Mediations on First Philosophy, and influenced all modern philosophical works written after Descartes revolutionary achievement. This work was written at a time when modern physics was being developed as a mathematization of nature. The principles of metaphysics contain in Meditations were developed in order to serve as the basis for this new system of physics. In it, Descartes refutes many Aristotelian beliefs that were popular and accepted by the clergy for nearly the entirety of†¦show more content†¦In order to accomplish this, the meditator doubts away his body, the universe, and every other preconceived belief he had â€Å"†¦because undermining the foundations will cause whatever has been built upon them to crumble of its own accord, I will attack straightaway those principles which supported everything I once believed† (Descartes, 18).This allows him to seek sturdier foundations for his knowledge, one that he knows he to be true, as they cannot be doubted away if Cartesian skepticism is employed correctly. Crucial to the use of this method is trying to find doubt in one’s beliefs, as if there is any doubt whatsoever then that belief or opinion could be false. With that in mind, the meditator acknowledges that his senses can be deceived. Although most of the time his sensory knowledge is true, he notes that while dreaming, he is often convinced that what he senses is real. As he reflects on this, he remarks, â€Å"I see so plainly that there are no definitive signs by which to distinguish being awake from being asleep† (Descartes, 19). The sensations he feels and the images he sees in dreams are all derived from real life experiences. The narrator links this to art; the composite image consists of numerous real things. He concludes that although he can doubt complex, composite ideas, such asShow MoreRelatedMeditation on First Philosophy Essay2565 Words   |  11 PagesFirst Essay Assignment Question: Meditation on First Philosophy It can be seen that Descartes Meditations on first philosophy raised a lot of questions regarding the existence and nature of the self, the existence of God, the nature of truth and the possibility of error, and finally also the essence and existence of bodies along other things. Descartes did all this through the medium of his six meditations. Descartes from his very first Meditation, that of concerning things that can be calledRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1318 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions November 2, 2017 Cogito Ergo Sum Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy and his questioning of our existence in reality is a question which philosophers have tackled throughout time. Cogito ergo sum or I think therefore I am, a phrase brought about by Descartes is the backbone of his whole philosophy of our existence in reality. As long as we are thinking things, we exist. When we look at this approach to our existence we must first deny that any sensory data that we receive is believableRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1961 Words   |  8 PagesIn Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, I will be considering if Descartes resolution to the â€Å"dreaming argument† seems acceptable to trust. The First Meditation is where the â€Å"dreaming argument† is first mentioned and then gets resolved later in the Sixth Meditation and the Objections and Replies. I will be touching on the idea that our experiences could be dreaming experiences based on personal experiences and thoug hts I have had regarding this topic. Then I will go on to explain how it isRead MoreEssay on Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy2121 Words   |  9 Pagescomes from within the mind. This is a single indisputable fact to build on that can be gained through individual reflection. While seeking true knowledge, Descartes writes his Six Meditations. In these meditations, Descartes tries to develop a strong foundation, which all knowledge can be built upon. In the First Meditation, Descartes begins developing this foundation through the method of doubt. He casts doubt upon all his previous beliefs, including â€Å"matters which are not entirely certain and indubitableRead MoreBeliefs Beyond Doubt, What All Other Respond To: Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy1998 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy is considered to be one of the most important works in modern philosophy. John Locke, Immanuel Kant, and countless other philosophers wrote largely in response to Descartes. Yet there are serious doubts related to the treatises major argument. In the Objections and Replies, a collection of objections to the work along with Descartes personal and often very detailed replies to said objections, the philosopher Antoine Arnauld raises the question of whetherRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Meditations on First Philosophy gives us with an assumed evidence for the existence of God those progresses from the existence of an idea of an unlimited existence in the human mind—an idea of God—to the being of God himself. Insofar as we have an idea of an unlimited existence, an idea with â€Å"infinite independent reality†, we can reasonably ask when it arrived to us. The only thinkable reason of this impression, prerogatives Descartes, is an countless existence, explicitly, God. The manifestationRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy807 Words   |  4 PagesConner Ruhl Professor Copley Philosophy 1000C 4 May 2015 Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy Rene Descartes was the first great philosopher of the modern era, He had a new approach which was focused on scientific and mathematical truths. Descartes came to reject the scholastic tradition, one of which he was educated, due to his pursuit of mathematical and scientific truth. Much of Descartes work was done to secure advancement of human knowledge through the use of the natural sciencesRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1079 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes argues for the ideas and philosophical beliefs behind skepticism. In his writings, he describes the fallibility and importance of the body of man and through extension the senses with which we observe the world. This paper will first show that within Descartes’ writings the body is an extension of the mind. Secondly, this paper will prove that the senses are a false form of understanding which leads to the deception of the mind. FinallyR ead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1536 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"What therefore did I formerly think I was? A man, of course. But what is a man?† (Descartes 340). This question that Descartes addresses in Meditations on First Philosophy is important because it outlines his core philosophical view in his work. His philosophy primarily focuses on dualism, which is the concept that there is another world that exists with ideal forms and is separate from the world of perception. The part of dualism that Descartes focuses his work on is the distinction between theRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1080 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, God is not mentioned until the third meditation. Descartes point of view on God simply claims his existence through the act of being. According to his claim, God must, essentially, exist as well as being an outcome of His own creation. Descartes was greatly interested in the i dea that God’s being promoted an external force that controlled all beings that supported his presence. Descartes declarations, presented in his Meditations on First Philosophy, were

Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet And Ophelia - 958 Words

Hamlet and Ophelia The play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare is the perfect example of how love can not always conquer all. Hamlet may be regarded as one of Shakespeare s greatest plays. This play follows the story of a young prince named Hamlet who lost his father and had his family torn apart by the hands of his Uncle, Claudius who is now king and step father to Hamlet. Subsequently, Hamlet was also having relational problems with his love, Ophelia. The relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia remained unsteady for the duration of the play. In the play, William Shakespeare intelligibly presents the interaction between Hamlet and Ophelia, showing how this relationship would eventually drive Ophelia and Hamlet to their graves. At the beginning of the play, the audience is introduced to the couple Hamlet and Ophelia. At the start, Hamlet and Ophelia are young and in love with a bright future ahead of them. Hamlet is a prince who will eventually rule Denmark. Provided that Ophelia is his bride, her family will become of the most noble in the country. In the first act of the play, Hamlet is depressed due to the loss of his father. During this trying time, when Hamlet needs Ophelia the most, her father, Polonius, steps in and orders Ophelia to no longer see Hamlet. Polonius believes that hamlet is leading Ophelia on. Daniel Shapiro explains, â€Å"Ophelia, wittingly or not, is part of the conspiracy. Hamlet, like his father, has been betrayed by the woman he loves† (Shapiro 1).Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet And Ophelia Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesHamlet and Ophelia were both forced into situations they weren t in a position for due to the fact of instances. Given their royal and social role, they needed to care for distinct things most humans don t seem to be involved about- akin to who has the correct to rule and avenging a father s murder. In addition, they had been each younger. Ophelia had the fact that she was female as good. Hamlet s insanity is feigned, even as Ophelia s is real. Hamlet places on his antic disposition so he canRead MoreThe Mindset Of Shakespeare s Hamlet And Ophelia1904 Words   |  8 PagesPsychological Disorders in Hamlet and Ophelia Skyler D. Bratt AP English IV Mrs. Guinn Abstract The mindset of Shakespeare’s complex characters has been a controversial topic for centuries. Some have the belief that Hamlet suffered nothing more than the typical case of melancholy. However, continued educated research and dissection of his work dictates that he would possibly be diagnosed with, what is now known as, Bipolar Disorder. Textual evidence also tells us that Ophelia demonstrates symptoms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Ophelia1472 Words   |  6 PagesSai Neelamraju Mrs.Thoms-Cappello Term Paper 21 April 2016 Ophelia In Hamlet From historical events such as World War I and World War II to present day women have been playing prominent roles. During the 14th and 15th centuries women had no important roles in their families, they were only used to take care of their families and to use their body for sex for men. A women mostly always needed a man by her side to stay stable and strong, otherwise they are known to be weak without them. ThereRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, Ophelia, Laertes And Laertes1308 Words   |  6 PagesEra. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Ophelia, Hamlet’s love and also the daughter of Polonius. She is a prime example of this as her father implores her to see Hamlet further more because of the possibility that he takes her name and her virginity. Ophelia truly loves Hamlet and was devastated when he shuns her in addition to pretending to be mad. She was affected by many of the decisions as well as the actions of the male characters in the play, including Hamlet, Polonius and Laertes. ThroughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - The Characterization Of Young Ophelia1681 Words   |  7 Pagesthe case for hundreds of years. This idea is well demonstrated in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, through the characterization of young Ophelia. As Shakespeare tells the dramatic story of Hamlet’s incestuous and corrupt family, Ophelia seems to often be cast asid e and forgotten. She is subjected to much emotional abuse as she undergoes sexualization, harassment and manipulation at the hands not only her love Hamlet, but from her own father, Polonius. It is these injustices and her dependence on the menRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Ophelia and Gertude in Shakespeare ´s Hamlet1128 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare also known as the English nationalist poet is widely considered the greatest dramatist of all time. Shakespeare spent the majority of his life writing poems that captured the â€Å"complete range of human emotion and conflict† (â€Å"Biography of William Shakespeare†). Throughout the world, people have performed William Shakespeare’s plays, poems, and sonnets for over four hundred years. Still to this day, Shakespeare’s plays have become very well known. One of William Shakespeares mostRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Ophelia s Struggle And Madness1088 Words   |  5 Pages1 Pregnant with Madness— Ophelia’s Struggle and Madness in Hamlet Yi-Chi Chen Intergrams 11.2(2011): http://benz.nchu.edu.tw/~intergrams/intergrams/112/112-cyc.pdf ISSN: 1683-4186 Abstract Madness in Hamlet is one of the crucial themes for Shakespeare to depict the chaotic turbulence in the Hamlet family and the court of Denmark. Due to Claudius’s usurpation of the Old Hamlet’s crown and queen, characters such as Hamlet, Ophelia, and Gertrude suffer seriously from betrayal, resentment, and enragementRead MoreShakespeare Is The Greatest Masterpiece Ever Written? Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"To read or not to read,† that is the question. With each passing year, the philosophical question must be asked, â€Å"Is Shakespeare relevant in the 21st century.† Shakespeare lived over 400 years ago and the English style in which he wrote has changed, making it difficult for new students to read and understand his writings without the use of translation. Shakespeare’s eloquent execution of rhyme and flowing images commands a locution that slips from the tongue like silken cream, and this giftedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanity, orRead MoreThe Insanity Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Insanity in Hamlet Insanity, a theme explored by multiple authors in countless classic selections, has instilled itself as one of the darkest and interesting themes in the literary world. In Shakespeare’s legendary Hamlet, the audience questions the sanity of Hamlet and Ophelia constantly, as well as that of the other characters. As the story progresses, this becomes more and more relevant, bringing the reader to consider the causes and effects of the characters’ mental states on the resolution

Mortgage Crisis Causes and Effects of Financial Crisis

Questions 1. Subprime mortgage crisis is an example of a financial crisis that affected global markets worldwide. Give another example of a financial crisis in your discussions below.  Discuss the possible causes of the financial crisis.  Discuss the impact of the financial crisis on financial institutions and businesses elsewhere including your own country.  Explain how the financial crisis affected the economies of different countries. 2. NAB Ltd current share price is $30 and it has just paid a $1.50 dividend. Dividends of NAB are expected to grow at the rate of 5% per year. A. What is an estimated return that shareholders of NAB expect to earn?B. NAB Ltd also has preference share outstanding that pays fixed dividend of $2.30 per share. If preference stock is currently priced at $25, what is the return that preference share holders expect to earn?C. Five years ago NAB Ltd issued 15 year bond with face value of $1000 and coupon rate of 9%. The price of these bonds is currently is $9 50. What is NABs pre-tax and after-tax cost of debt?D. NAB Ltd has 5000,000 ordinary shares outstanding and 1,500,000 preference shares outstanding, and its equity has a total book value of $50,000,000. Its liability has a book value of $25,000,000. If NABs ordinary and preference shares are priced as in parts (A) and (B) above, what is the market value of NABs assets?E. What is weighted average cost of capital (WACC) F. If NABs liability increase by 100%. How the increase in liability will affect WACC of NAB. Explain.Tax rate is 30%. Answers: 1. Causes of subprime mortgage crisis: The subprime mortgage crisis broke down when the housing bubble of the United States busted in the year 2001. These crisis further gained their full strength during the period of 2005. This is concerned with the rapid increase in the values of the properties that took place in the country of United States. This was being done so that each and every citizen could afford a house. Then there came a time when the prices of the houses were lower than the amount of the debt. The housing bubble started in the country around 2006. These were identified after the correction of the market. (Business, CCH, 2015) The following were the causes that were identified: 1. The banks and the lenders over relied on the distribution channels that existed outside their won roof. They started to force the people whom they knew the maximum amount of loans that they could. This resulted in the lower quality of the standards that ensured the alone and they could not be repaid. 2. The private mortgage market took over the control of the crisis with the help of their high risk mortgage products. This resulted in the higher quality of the loans that were bad in reality. 3. The bans were told to make the loans work and the underwriters did not even know what they were up to and what they were doing. They were asked to give loans to each and every one without checking their backgrounds. 4. Unscrupulous appraisers had the same intention as that of the lender of giving the loans. 5. There were a lack of the down payments and aggressive loan programs like that of the pay option arm and the other such interest only options that contributed to the mess of the mortgage. The prices of the houses were soaring up and the lenders had to come up with some innovative trick, so they came up with the idea of the interest only payments or the negative amortization. This resulted in a huge amount of bad debt. (Truth about mortgage, 2015) Effect of the subprime mortgage on the world economy: The Internal Monetary fund report that was released during the period of April 8, 2005 indicated that the US prices of the houses were falling continuously. Further, the delinquencies on the residential mortgage market led to the losses of $656 billion dollars. When these were combined with the factors with the losses from the other categories of the loans that originated and the securities that were issued in the United States were the ones that were related with the real estate. In sum total, the IMF indicated that there was a loss of $945 billion. (Business CH, 2015) The country of the United Sates was the one that was hit the most hard. The industries that were hit the hardest were the banking industry, real estate and the construction industry. There were some millions of the homes that were closed down but no one was there to buy them. It was the largest crisis in the history. But the third world countries were the ones that had a great deal of problems to deal with. The poverty had touched the level that could never have been imagined before. The third world countries had suffered the direct result of the financial crisis. The investment in the third world countries especially from the banks and the government had declined. The effects on the economies of the third world countries were so hit that the people were rendered jobless and they had no money whatsoever to invest in the economy and the business. (Development goals, 2015) Effect of the financial crisis on the financial institutions: The great depression, as it is popularly known as of the 1930s resulted in the implementation of the financial regulations so as to stabilize the economy and give the Americans a confidence in the banks. The banks are widely considered to be boring but safe. The interest rates were said to be low but so was the inflation. Also, the deposits were being protected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The great depression resulted in the shooting up of the prices of the oil and led to the rise in the inflation. The years 1973 to 1974 marked the year of confidence in the regulations that were designed during the period. The rising inflation in the country of United States led the foreigners to lose their confidence in the US dollar as one of the leading currencies and sough to purchase gold. This created a huge amount of volatility in the financial system and increased opportunities so that the higher rate of interest could be earned. (Pearson highered, 2015) the financial institutions in the developing countries were not affected by the financial crisis due to the reason of the usage of the traditional financial system but in the countries like the United States, the individuals and the groups are required to have a very good track record so as to gain some credit or the loans and it is due to this reason that the risk is minimum. But the banks andthe financialinstitutions in the developing countries had to undergo many contractions in the lines of credit and reduced financial flows. The IMF had failed to respond to the Asian crisis since it had failed immensely. It was unable to predict the banking crisis that was the result of the currency crisis. (Bruegel, 2015) 2. A. The following is the required solution: Price 30 Dividend 1.5 Growth rate 5% Gordon growth model D1/(ke-g) Ke 10.2500% Where D1 is the dividend after considering the growth rate (1.5*105%) G is the growth rate Ke is the return on equity B. The following is the required solution: Final dividend 2.3 Price 25 Dividend discount model Current price=dividend/return Return 9.20% C. The following is the required solution: Fair value 1000 Coupon rate 9% Current price 950 Pre tax cost of debt 9% After tax cost of debt 6% D. The following is the required solution: Particulars Number of shares Amounts Ordinary shares 50,000.00 1,500,000.00 Preference shares 1,500,000.00 37,500,000.00 Liabilities 25,000,000.00 Total market value of the assets 64,000,000.00 E. The following is the required solution: Weighted average cost of capital=E*Re/(E+D+P)+D*(1-t)*Kd/(E+D+P)+P*rp/(K+D+P) Particulars Cost Weight Weighted cost Equity 10.25% 39.81% 4.08% Preference shares 9.20% 35.73% 3.29% Debt 6.30% 24.47% 1.54% Total 25.75% 100.00% 8.91% F. The following is the required solution: There will be no change in the WACC due to the change in the liabilities. References: business.cch.com, (2015). The Subprime Lending Crisis: Causes and Effects of the Mortgage Meltdown. [Online] Available at: https://business.cch.com/images/banner/subprime.pdf [Accessed 27 Jan. 2015]. Developmentgoals.com, (2015). The effect of the financial crisis on the third world | Development Goals. [Online] Available at: https://www.developmentgoals.com/more-resources/financial-crisis-third-world.html [Accessed 27 Jan. 2015]. Robertson, C. (2015). What Caused the Mortgage Crisis? | The Truth about Mortgage.com. [Online] Thetruthaboutmortgage.com. Available at: https://www.thetruthaboutmortgage.com/what-caused-the-mortgage-crisis/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2015]. www.bruegel.org, (2015). Impact of financial crisis. [Online] Available at: https://www.bruegel.org/...files/.../Crisis.../AEEF4PPDenisJ.Snower.pdf [Accessed 27 Jan. 2015]. www.pearsonhighered.com, (2015). The Global Financial Crisis. [Online] Available at: https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205231527.pdf [Accessed 27 Jan. 2015].